Seek medical advice early rather than relying only on a routine if periods are very irregular or absent for months; there is severe period pain, PCOS or endometriosis; there is a history of ectopic pregnancy, pelvic infection or pelvic surgery; there have been repeated miscarriages; there is a history of cancer treatment or medicines that may affect fertility; the male partner has a known concern involving erection, ejaculation, testicular injury or semen; the woman is 35 years or older; or either partner has a known reproductive or serious medical condition.

Depending on age, medical history and symptoms, the doctor may recommend assessment of the menstrual cycle and ovulation, hormone tests, ultrasound, evaluation of the fallopian tubes or semen analysis. Not every couple needs every test.

A balanced diet, healthy routine, freedom from addictive substances, emotional wellbeing and an understanding of the fertile window can support reproductive health. Conditions such as ovulation disorders, blocked tubes or low sperm count require proper diagnosis and treatment.